Shaoxing wine (绍兴酒, shàoxīngjiǔ) is a traditional Chinese rice wine originating from Shaoxing, a city in Zhejiang province, eastern China. As a prominent variety of huangjiu (“yellow wine“), it is produced through the fermentation of glutinous rice, water, and wheat-based yeast. Renowned for its amber hue and complex flavor profile,it serves both as a beverage and a fundamental ingredient in Chinese cuisine.
Historical Background
The production of rice wine in China dates back over 2,500 years, with Shaoxing wine’s origins traced to the Spring and Autumn period (770\u2013476 BCE). During the Ming Dynasty (1368\u20131644), the wine-brewing industry in Shaoxing experienced significant growth, leading to widespread commercialization. By the early Qing Dynasty , it was distributed throughout China, with many breweries established during this era still in operation today.
Production Process
Shaoxing wine is traditionally brewed in the 10th lunar month (October\u2013November), capitalizing on optimal weather conditions for fermentation. The process involves:
Ingredients: Glutinous rice, water, and wheat-based yeast.
Fermentation: A unique “low temperature slow fermentation” method is employed, where rice mash is manually stirred every four hours to ensure even sugar breakdown.
Aging: Post-fermentation, the wine is sealed in clay jars and aged, sometimes for decades, allowing it to mellow and develop depth.
Characteristics
Shaoxing wine exhibits a deep amber color and a flavor profile that is slightly sweet, nutty, and umami-rich. Tasting notes often include hints of walnut, almond, plum, and apricot, with a finish reminiscent of mushroom broth or soy sauce.
Classification
Shaoxing wines are categorized based on sugar content and alcohol by volume (ABV):
Type
Sugar Content (g/L)
ABV (%)
Description
Yuanhong Jiu
<5
>14.5
Dry wine
Jiafan Jiu
5–30
>16.0
Semi-dry wine
Huadiao Jiu
30–100
>15.0
Sweet wine (moelleux)
Xiangxue Jiu
~200
>13.0
Sweet wine (doux)
Culinary Applications
Shaoxing wine is integral to Chinese cooking, particularly in:
Marinades: Tenderizing meats and mitigating strong odors in seafood.
Stir-fries and Braises: Enhancing depth and complexity in dishes like red-braised pork and drunken chicken.
Soups and Stews: Adding umami richness to broths.
It is also traditionally consumed as a beverage, either warmed or at room temperature, and plays a role in ceremonial practices such as the 女儿红 (Nǚ Ér Hóng) tradition, where wine is brewed at a daughter’s birth and consumed at her wedding.
Ever been stumped by a crossword clue like “Wine shop (6)” or “Where to buy Bordeaux (7)”? If so, you’re in good company. Wine-related crossword clues can be oddly tricky—partly because they often rely on cultural slang or regional lingo.
If you searched for “wine shop crossword clue,” this article will help you crack the code. Let’s walk through the most common answers, what they mean, and how to approach these clues next time they pop up in your puzzle.
What Does “Wine Shop” Mean in a Crossword Puzzle?
When a crossword clue says “wine shop,” it’s usually looking for a short, general term for a place that sells wine. But here’s the kicker: crossword constructors love variety and regional flavor, so the answer can shift depending on the puzzle’s origin.
That’s why one clue might point to “STORE,” while another might want “BODEGA” or even “OENO.” Let’s explore the most common possibilities.
Most Common Answers for “Wine Shop” Crossword Clue
Here’s a handy table with fact-checked answers based on actual crossword appearances. Each term fits the clue “wine shop” depending on the number of letters you’re working with:
Clue Example
Letter Count
Answer
Why It Works
Wine shop (4), Wine Science
4
OENO
Short for “oenology” (wine science). A crossword favorite for its vowel mix.
Wine shop (5), Retail
5
STORE
A generic, catch-all word for a retail shop.
Wine shop (5), Wholesale
5
DEPOT
As in “wine depot”—a shop or wholesale-style store for wine.
Wine shop (6), Wine Storage
6
CELLAR
As in “wine cellar”—used commercially for wine boutiques or storage shops.
Wine shop (6), Spanish
6
BODEGA
Spanish for a small store that often sells wine; also common in NYC slang.
Wine shop (6)
6
BOTTLE
Short for “bottle shop,” especially in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.
Wine shop (7)
7
LIQUORS
Refers to liquor stores in the U.S. that typically also sell wine.
Wine shop (7), Spanish, Portuguese
7
TABERNA
Spanish or Portuguese word for tavern—a wine-drinking establishment.
Wine shop (3)
3
BAR
Misleading but occasionally used; crossword creators love a sneaky clue.
Regional Clues = Regional Answers
The answer often depends on the puzzle’s country of origin. Here’s what to expect based on regional style:
U.S. Crosswords Tend to use words like STORE, LIQUORS, DEPOT, or BAR. Example: New York Times, LA Times.
UK & Irish Crosswords You might see BOTTLE, CELLAR, or even OFFIE (British slang for “off-licence”). Example: The Guardian, The Times.
Australian Crosswords Common terms include BOTTLE or BOTTLEO (Aussie slang for bottle shop). Often seen in local or cryptic crosswords.
Spanish or Portuguese Language Crosswords Likely answers include BODEGA or TABERNA, depending on the context.
So always keep an eye on where the crossword was published—that’s often half the battle!
Wait—What’s “OENO”?
If you’ve ever seen OENO or OEN and thought “that can’t be right,” you’re not alone. These terms come from oenology, which is the science and study of wine.
Crossword constructors love these because:
They’re short
They have lots of vowels
They work as filler in tight grid spaces
You’ll often find OENO clued as “wine shop,” “wine science,” or “wine prefix.” It’s niche, but it’s fair game.
Other Clue Variations You Might See
Crossword clues rarely say “wine shop” plainly. Here are some twists and variations that mean the same thing (and might use the same answers):
Where to buy Bordeaux
Pinot provider
Red wine retailer
Wine seller
Oenophile’s stop
Place for a bottle
So even if the clue doesn’t say “wine shop,” keep an open mind—especially if the surrounding letters are lining up with something like STORE, CELLAR, or BODEGA.
Tips to Crack Wine-Themed Clues
Want to sharpen your wine-word solving skills? Here are a few fast tips:
Match the letter count first. This filters out wrong answers quickly.
Use the crossing letters. If you have even one or two, it narrows options fast.
Consider synonyms and slang. Think beyond the obvious.
Be aware of region-based terminology. British clues won’t usually use American slang.
Know your wine words. OENO, VIN, RÉSERVE, and NOIR all pop up often.
Why Wine and Crosswords Pair So Well
Wine and crosswords are both about discovery. Both invite you to slow down, think, and enjoy a little mental or sensory pleasure. And just like wine, crossword clues come with depth—there’s always more under the surface than meets the eye.
So next time you’re solving a puzzle and see “wine shop,” think about more than just the obvious. Could it be CELLAR? Could it be BODEGA? That moment of revelation is part of the fun.
Final Drop
Whether you’re a crossword newbie or a seasoned solver, wine clues are always a little treat—especially when they introduce you to a new word or term. From OENO to TABERNA, the world of wine shops in crossword puzzles is full of flavor and wordplay.
So grab a pencil (or a glass), and enjoy the puzzle.
For more wine-themed crossword help, head over to our dedicated clue-solving corner: Wine Crossword Clues.
Let’s be honest: wine is more than just fermented grape juice. It’s stories, passion, heritage, and care—all bottled up and waiting for the perfect moment to be uncorked. And if you’ve ever had a wine that made you pause, smile, or feel something bigger than just taste, chances are it was made with a little something extra.
Call it what you want: passion, attention, or magic. But in the wine world, we like to call it TLC—Tender Loving Care.
This isn’t a scientific winemaking term. You won’t find “TLC” on a tasting wheel or in a sommelier textbook. But if you ask a winemaker, a sommelier, or even a devoted wine lover what makes a wine truly memorable, they’ll likely mention the heart, soul, and care behind it. That’s TLC.
In this article, we’re diving into what TLC means in the world of wine—from vineyard to cellar to table—and why it makes all the difference. So grab a glass, get comfy, and let’s explore the gentler side of wine.
What Does TLC Mean in the Context of Wine?
“TLC” in wine isn’t just a cute phrase. It’s shorthand for everything that involves thoughtful, hands-on attention throughout the wine’s life cycle. That means:
Grape-growing with care for the land
Harvesting at just the right time
Gentle, low-intervention winemaking
Patient aging and proper storage
Mindful service and tasting
Wine is alive. It changes, evolves, and even has moods depending on how it’s treated. Wines that are given TLC—from the vines to the table—often show more character, more complexity, and frankly, more love.
Think of it like this: the same grape variety grown in two vineyards, made by two different producers, can taste wildly different. The difference? It often comes down to how much heart and hands-on attention went into it.
The Vineyard: Where TLC Begins
Before there’s even a grape to ferment, there’s the vineyard. And this is where true TLC shines.
A vineyard treated with love isn’t just well-trimmed and irrigated. It’s a place where growers know their vines like old friends. They walk the rows daily, notice small changes. Also, they adjust their care based on weather, soil conditions, and even the personalities of the plants.
Here’s how TLC shows up in the vineyard:
Hand harvesting over machine picking to avoid bruising delicate grapes
Cover cropping to naturally enrich the soil without chemicals
Pruning decisions made vine-by-vine, not in bulk
Biodynamic or organic farming methods, respecting nature’s rhythms
Harvest timing based on taste and intuition, not just sugar levels
Some producers go even further, talking to their vines or playing music in the vineyard. Is that a little out there? Maybe. But does it work? Many would say yes.
In the Cellar: Where TLC Gets Technical
Once grapes are picked, it’s time for the winemaking stage. This is where things get really interesting. A winemaker has hundreds of decisions to make—from fermentation temperature to oak usage to how often they stir the lees.
Winemakers who put heart into their process often go beyond what’s necessary. They check on fermentations daily (sometimes even hourly). Also, they taste constantly.
Instead of rushing wines to market, they give them time. Wines made with TLC are often aged longer than required—whether in barrel, tank, or bottle. And when they’re finally released? They’re ready. Not because a spreadsheet said so, but because the wine itself said so.
Handling and Storage: TLC Continues Long After Bottling
Even the best-made wine can be ruined by careless storage or rough handling. This is where TLC shifts from the producer to the consumer.
Here’s the truth: wine is fragile. Light, heat, vibration, and even strong odors can mess with a wine’s flavor. That’s why bottles need proper care—even at home.
Ways to show your wine some post-bottling TLC:
Store bottles on their side (especially cork-closed wines)
Keep wine at a steady temperature, ideally between 12–16°C (55–60°F)
Avoid sunlight and fluorescent lights
Let wine rest after transport—yes, even after a car ride
Use a decanter or aerator to let the wine breathe
Opening a bottle and pouring it with thoughtfulness—at the right moment, in the right glass—can be the final act of TLC that brings a wine to life.
A Table of TLC: Comparing High-Touch and Low-Touch Wine Practices
To make the contrast even clearer, here’s a simple table that shows how TLC changes the winemaking process:
Aspect
Low-Touch/Industrial Wine
High-TLC Wine
Vineyard Care
Mechanized, uniform treatments
Individual vine attention
Harvesting
Machine-harvested
Hand-picked at optimal ripeness
Fermentation
Automated, fast-tracked
Monitored manually, slower process
Aging
Short, rushed to market
Patient aging in barrel or bottle
Additives
Multiple stabilizers, flavor enhancers
Minimal intervention, natural expression
Bottling
High-speed, large batches
Small lots, often bottled by hand
Storage & Handling
Bulk warehouses
Temperature-controlled cellars
Final Experience
Consistent but generic
Expressive, memorable, full of character
This doesn’t mean that large-scale wines are “bad.” But when you’re looking for something special—a wine that speaks to you—it’s usually the one made with care and intention.
TLC Isn’t Just for Red Wines
Some people think that only bold reds get the royal treatment. Not true! TLC can be found in every wine style:
Whites: Gentle pressing, lees aging, and careful oak integration can create complex, creamy white wines.
Rosés: Light, fresh rosés made by passionate producers can be just as expressive and layered as any red.
Sparkling: Traditional method bubbles (like Champagne) involve years of aging and riddling—true labors of love.
Dessert wines: Ice wines, late harvests, and botrytized styles require insane amounts of patience and risk.
Natural wines: Often made with minimal intervention but maximum attention to detail.
So no matter your style, there’s always room for some wine TLC.
When Wine Feels Different: Real Moments with TLC Wines
We’ve all had those wine moments.
You sip. Pause. You smile.
Sometimes it’s the setting. Other times it’s the company. But often, it’s the wine itself—something about it just feels alive, authentic, and real. It leaves an impression. And it’s almost always one of those bottles made with TLC.
Maybe it was that small-producer Syrah you stumbled upon in a French village. Or that handmade Portuguese Vinho Verde that tasted like pure summer. Or that dusty bottle a friend saved for years before finally opening it with you.
These aren’t just wine experiences. They’re memories.
TLC in Wine Culture Around the World
Different wine cultures have their own ways of expressing TLC. Here are just a few examples:
France: Generations of vignerons tending the same vineyards, often by hand.
Italy: Family-run estates where passion trumps automation.
Portugal: Traditional foot-treading of grapes in lagares.
Georgia: Qvevri winemaking—burying clay vessels underground for natural aging.
USA: Boutique producers in California and Oregon doing small-batch, artisanal work.
South Africa: A growing wave of low-intervention winemakers prioritizing quality over quantity.
TLC isn’t exclusive to any one region. It’s a mindset, a commitment, a way of doing things slowly—and right.
How to Find Wines Made with TLC
Want to seek out wines made with care and heart? Here are a few tips:
Look for small producers. Not always, but often, these wines are made in smaller quantities with more attention.
Check the label. Words like “hand-harvested,” “estate-grown,” or “unfiltered” can be good indicators.
Ask your wine shop. Good staff can point you to producers that go the extra mile.
Visit wineries. Nothing beats seeing it with your own eyes—walk the vineyard, talk to the maker.
Follow your palate. If a wine makes you feel something, trust it. TLC is hard to fake.
Why TLC Matters—Now More Than Ever
In a world where everything feels rushed, wine gives us a reason to slow down. But only if the wine itself was made that way. TLC matters not just for flavor, but for connection. Connection to the earth, to people, to tradition, and to moments that actually mean something.
And with the wine industry becoming more global, more commercial, and more automated, those small pockets of heart-driven winemaking are worth protecting.
They’re where the soul of wine lives.
TLC in Wine Labels: Tributes and Vineyard Names
While “TLC” often stands for “tender loving care” in the wine world, the acronym can also carry other meanings depending on the label. For instance, TLC Wines has been used as a heartfelt tribute to Ted Leroy Crawford, with the initials honoring his memory. In another case, The Lost Corner is a vineyard name that appears on wines from remote or lesser-known regions, such as Valle Pradinhos in northeastern Portugal. So, depending on the bottle, “TLC” might refer to the winemaking approach, a special person, or even a hidden gem of a vineyard.
Final Drop: Give Your Wine (and Yourself) Some TLC
Whether you’re a casual wine drinker or a total cork dork, showing some TLC makes wine better. Not just in the vineyard or winery—but in your own life. Take the time to learn about what’s in your glass. Choose bottles with a backstory. Pour with intention. Share with people who matter.
Because when wine is made with TLC, and enjoyed with TLC, it becomes unforgettable.
So next time someone asks you what your favorite wine is, don’t just name the bottle. Tell the story. Talk about the winemaker. Remember the moment. And think about the idea that care—real, hands-on, heart-forward care—is what turns good wine into great wine.
Ever picked up a bottle of Moët in your local store and wondered why it costs double when you’re abroad? Or maybe you were sipping wine in Germany and thought, “Wait, this same bottle back home costs so much more.” You’re not imagining it. Wine prices can vary wildly around the globe, even for the exact same label. And in 2025, there are more factors than ever shaking up how much we pay for a bottle of vino.
Let’s uncork the story, shall we?
A Tale of Three Wines
To keep things simple (and interesting), we picked three wines that are popular and widely available:
Moët & Chandon Brut Impérial (sparkling, France)
Cloudy Bay Sauvignon Blanc (white, New Zealand)
Penfolds Bin 389 Cabernet Shiraz (red, Australia)
These aren’t obscure collector bottles. They’re everyday luxuries – the kind of wine you might grab for a dinner party or special occasion. And guess what? Depending on where you live, you might be overpaying… or scoring a sweet deal.
Price Check: Wine Around the World
Here’s what these three wines cost in a handful of major countries, converted to USD so we’re comparing apples to apples (or grapes to grapes?).
Wine
USA
Canada
Germany
UK
China
Moët & Chandon Brut Impérial
$54
$60
$50
$52
$65
Cloudy Bay Sauvignon Blanc
$33
$35
$30
$32
$40
Penfolds Bin 389 Cabernet
$70
$75
$65
$68
$80
So, Why Is Wine Cheaper in Germany?
Yep, you read that right. Germany consistently has the lowest prices for these bottles. But why?
Low Alcohol Taxes: Unlike countries like Canada or the UK, Germany doesn’t slap heavy excise duties on wine. That alone can knock a chunk off the price.
No Import Tariffs (EU Advantage): Germany is in the EU, which means wine from fellow member countries (like France or Italy) crosses borders without added tariffs.
Efficient Distribution: The wine market in Germany is huge, and that means competition is fierce. Big retailers keep margins tight.
Cultural Normalcy: Wine isn’t just for special occasions in Germany. It’s part of everyday life, so pricing stays reasonable to meet demand.
Basically, if you’re a wine lover, Germany might feel like paradise.
Meanwhile in China…
At the other end of the table, China shows the highest prices. A few reasons for that:
Luxury Markups: Imported wine is seen as a status symbol, especially French champagne. That adds a premium.
Import Duties: Tariffs and taxes on foreign alcohol can be steep.
Distribution Costs: Logistics and regulation add layers of cost.
So yeah, if you’re sipping Moët in Shanghai, you’re paying a luxury price tag.
Tariffs: The Wildcard Factor
Let’s talk about tariffs, because they’re the buzzword of 2025.
Back in March, U.S. officials floated the idea of imposing a whopping 200% tariff on wines and spirits imported from the EU. That sent a collective shudder through the wine world. So far, that specific threat hasn’t materialized – phew – but a 20% tariffhas gone into effect.
In response? The EU announced its own 25% retaliatory tariff on American goods, including some alcohol products.
What does that mean for us, the drinkers? Well, prices may not jump overnight, but they’re under pressure. Importers might slow down orders. Retailers may raise prices gradually. And consumers? We just keep drinking and hoping things settle.
Who’s Getting the Best Deal?
Quick breakdown:
Germany: Best all-around pricing. Efficient, low-tax, wine-friendly.
USA: Decent, but creeping higher. Watch the tariff tension.
Canada: State-run liquor systems mean higher prices.
UK: Similar to Canada. Taxes are the culprit.
China: Highest prices. Luxury markups and import costs galore.
So, if you’re planning a wine-buying spree, maybe wait until your next trip to Berlin or Munich.
What About Local Wines?
This whole comparison is about international brands. But don’t forget, local wines usually dodge all those tariffs and shipping fees.
If you’re in the U.S., try Washington or California wines. In Canada? Ontario and British Columbia have gems. Australia? You’re spoiled. Portugal? Wine heaven. Local doesn’t mean lower quality – it can mean higher value.
The Bottom Line
Wine prices aren’t random. They reflect a cocktail of taxes, tariffs, logistics, and even cultural attitudes.
While the 200% tariff has not materialized, the existing 20% tariff and the potential for further trade barriers continue to create uncertainty within the wine industry. But for now, it’s business as usual – or at least, as usual as it gets in 2025.
One thing’s for sure: wherever you are, that glass of wine in your hand has traveled a long, sometimes political road to get to you. So sip slowly, and maybe raise a toast to global trade.
If you’ve been staring at a crossword puzzle wondering what kind of French sweet white wine fits into those frustrating little boxes—don’t worry, you’re not alone! Whether you’re a seasoned puzzle pro or just someone who enjoys sipping and solving, this guide will help you crack the code.
Let’s break it down by possible letter counts and look at the most common answers crossword creators love to use.
French Sweet White Wine: What Are We Even Talking About?
Before we dive into the clues, let’s get our wine facts straight. French sweet white wines are generally known for their rich, luscious texture and complex flavors—often featuring notes of honey, stone fruit, and florals. They can come from a number of regions, but some names come up again and again in crosswords.
Here’s what you’re likely dealing with:
Sauternes – The heavyweight of French sweet wines
Monbazillac – A less famous cousin with similar characteristics
Barsac – A smaller appellation next to Sauternes, but still notable
Loupiac – Another Bordeaux-based sweetie
Jurançon – From the foothills of the Pyrenees, often aromatic and golden
Muscat – Sometimes sweet, sometimes dry—often used in clues for “grapey” flavor
Now let’s sort these wines by letter count—because that’s the trick to solving most wine-related clues in crossword puzzles.
Possible Answers by Letter Count
Here’s a handy table that breaks it all down:
Letter Count
Possible Answer
Description
4 letters
Loir
Refers to the Loir Valley, part of the Loire region, known for sweet whites like Coteaux du Layon
6 letters
Muscat
Aromatic grape variety used for sweet whites all over France
6 letters
Barsac
Neighboring Sauternes, often clued as a sweet white wine from Bordeaux
7 letters
Loupiac
Lesser-known Bordeaux appellation for sweet wines
8 letters
Jurançon
Sweet white from the Pyrenees; exotic and floral
9 letters
Sauternes
Probably the most common crossword answer for this clue
11 letters
Monbazillac
Sweet white from Dordogne, similar to Sauternes but more under-the-radar
💡 Pro tip: If your crossword clue mentions “Bordeaux,” “honeyed,” or even “noble rot,” chances are high that Sauternes or Monbazillac is your best bet.
Clue Variations You Might See
Crossword creators love to get sneaky. Here are a few ways they might disguise the clue:
“Sweet French wine”
“Bordeaux dessert wine”
“Honeyed white from France”
“Wine from noble rot grapes”
“Golden French wine”
Sometimes, the clue will lean into geography (“wine from the Dordogne”) or grape variety (“wine made from Semillon”).
Related Crossword Clue Guides
Love these kinds of puzzles? You might also find these helpful:
These guides work just like this one—organized by letter count and loaded with solving tips.
Wine Lover’s Bonus: Try Them for Real!
Since you’re clearly a curious mind (you’re here, after all!), why not taste some of these wines for yourself? Here are a few to consider:
Sauternes – Château d’Yquem if you want to splurge, or Château La Tour Blanche for a more budget-friendly option.
Monbazillac – Often easier on the wallet; pairs beautifully with blue cheese.
Jurançon – Fantastic with foie gras or a fruit tart.
Muscat – Serve chilled on a sunny afternoon—thank us later.
Final Thoughts
Whether you’re here to win your crossword or win your next wine night, knowing your French sweet white wines can only help. And now that you know what to look for—by letter count, clue type, and taste—you’re ready to fill in those squares with confidence.
So next time you see the clue “French sweet white wine,” don’t panic. Just scroll back up and count your boxes.
For more wine-themed crossword help, head over to our dedicated clue-solving corner: Wine Crossword Clues.
Ever swirled a glass of wine and been captivated by its enchanting bouquet? If so, you’ve likely encountered an aromatic wine—a category celebrated for its pronounced and delightful scents. Let’s uncover what makes these wines so irresistibly fragrant and why they deserve a spot in your collection.
What Are Aromatic Wines?
Aromatic wines are primarily white varietals known for their intense, naturally occurring floral and fruity aromas. Unlike their counterparts, these wines boast fragrances that mirror the scent of the grape itself, thanks to specific compounds inherent in the grape skins. This results in a wine that offers a sensory experience reminiscent of inhaling a bouquet of fresh flowers or a basket of ripe fruits.
Aromatic vs. Aromatized Wines: Clearing the Confusion
It’s easy to mix up aromatic and aromatized wines, but they differ significantly:
Aromatic Wines: These wines derive their pronounced scents naturally from the grape varieties used. Examples include Riesling and Gewürztraminer.
Aromatized Wines: These are wines that have been infused with additional flavors from herbs, spices, and botanicals. Vermouth is a classic example.
While both types are fragrant, aromatized wines achieve their complexity through added ingredients, whereas aromatic wines rely solely on the grape’s natural profile.
The Science Behind the Scents
The captivating aromas in aromatic wines stem from volatile compounds in the grape skins, notably monoterpenes like linalool and geraniol. These compounds are responsible for the floral and fruity notes characteristic of aromatic varieties. Factors such as grape variety, climate, and winemaking techniques influence the concentration and expression of these aromatic compounds, making each wine unique.
Notable Aromatic White Wines
Several white grape varieties are renowned for their aromatic profiles. Here’s a closer look at some standout examples:
Gewürztraminer: Celebrated for its exotic, spicy, and floral profile, often featuring notes of lychee, rose petals, and tropical fruits like pineapple and mango. The word “Gewürz” in German translates to “spice,” reflecting the wine’s distinctively spicy character. Gewürztraminer thrives in cooler climates, where it can develop high sugar levels while maintaining its characteristic aromatic intensity.
Riesling: A highly aromatic and versatile white grape variety that originates from Germany’s Rhine region. Known for its distinctive floral and fruity aromas, Riesling can be crafted into a wide range of styles, from bone-dry to decadently sweet.
Muscat: Known for its unmistakable grape-like and floral aromas, Muscat wines often exude scents of orange blossom, honeysuckle, and ripe stone fruits. This variety is versatile, producing styles from dry to sweet, including the renowned Moscato d’Asti from Italy.
Torrontés: Argentina’s signature white grape, Torrontés offers a unique combination of floral aromas and bright acidity. Expect notes of rose petals, geranium, and citrus fruits, making it a refreshing choice for warm days.
Viognier: This variety presents rich aromas of peach, apricot, and violets. Viognier wines are typically full-bodied with a lush texture, often associated with the Rhône Valley in France but also thriving in regions like California and Australia.
Are There Aromatic Red Wines?
While aromatic profiles are more pronounced in white wines, certain red varieties also exhibit notable fragrances:
Gamay: Known for its light body and vibrant red fruit aromas, Gamay often presents scents of strawberries, raspberries, and floral notes like violets.
Pinot Noir: Esteemed for its complex bouquet, Pinot Noir can showcase aromas ranging from red cherries and berries to earthy undertones and floral hints, depending on its origin and aging.
Cabernet Franc: This variety often exhibits aromatic notes of red fruits, herbs, and sometimes floral characteristics, contributing to its distinctive profile.
Pairing Aromatic Wines with Food
Aromatic wines are incredibly food-friendly, enhancing a variety of dishes. Here are some pairing suggestions:
Spicy Cuisine: The slight sweetness and bold flavors of Gewürztraminer and Riesling complement the heat and complexity of spicy dishes, especially from Asian cuisines.
Seafood: The bright acidity and citrus notes in Riesling and Torrontés pair beautifully with grilled fish, shrimp, and sushi.
Soft cheeses: Think Brie, Camembert, or even a mild goat cheese. The floral and fruity nature of Muscat or Viognier adds a fun contrast to the creaminess.
Roasted vegetables: The earthy-sweet notes in vegetables like squash, carrots, or parsnips pair wonderfully with Gewürztraminer or an off-dry Riesling.
Herby dishes: Herbal-forward meals—like lemon thyme chicken or rosemary pork—harmonize beautifully with aromatic wines, enhancing both the food and the wine’s bouquet.
Aromatic vs. Sweet: Let’s Clear That Up
One of the biggest misconceptions? That aromatic wines = sweet wines. It’s easy to think that because these wines smell like honeysuckle or ripe peaches, they must taste sugary. But that’s not always the case.
Here’s a quick breakdown:
Wine Style
Aroma Intensity
Sweetness Level
Example Varieties
Dry Aromatic
High
Dry
Riesling (dry), Viognier
Off-Dry Aromatic
High
Slightly sweet
Gewürztraminer, Moscato
Sweet Aromatic
High
Sweet to very sweet
Late harvest Muscat, Eiswein
Non-Aromatic Dry
Low to medium
Dry
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc
So yes, some aromatic wines are sweet—but many are dry or off-dry. Always check the label or ask before assuming!
Why Aromatic Wines Are Trending (Again)
Aromatic wines are having a bit of a comeback moment, and honestly, it’s long overdue. Here’s why more people are falling in love with them again:
They’re incredibly expressive: You don’t need to be a sommelier to appreciate them. One sniff and you’re hooked.
They’re versatile with food: From spicy Thai curry to a lazy cheese board, there’s an aromatic wine that fits.
They’re approachable for wine newbies: You don’t have to decode layers of oak or tannins—just enjoy the fruit, the florals, and the fun.
They offer global variety: From the vineyards of Germany to Argentina’s high-altitude Torrontés, there’s an aromatic wine from nearly every corner of the wine world.
A Few Fun Tips for Enjoying Aromatic Wines
Here’s a quick list to get the most out of your bottle:
Serve them slightly chilled—around 8–12°C (46–53°F)
Use tulip-shaped white wine glasses to concentrate the aromas
Swirl before you sniff—it really does make a difference
Don’t rush the experience; the nose is half the pleasure
Store them away from strong-smelling foods (aromas are fragile!)
Enjoy them young unless you’re exploring age-worthy styles like Riesling
Want to Dive Deeper?
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Aromatic wines are little mood boosters in a bottle. They invite you to slow down, take a deep breath, and appreciate wine on another level. Whether you’re cracking open a Riesling with spicy tacos or swirling a chilled Gewürztraminer while watching the sunset, aromatic wines deliver a full sensory experience.
You might just fall in love with the world of aromatics—and wonder how you ever missed it.
You’re flying through your crossword when you hit this clue: Italian wine. Seems easy enough—until you hit a wall. Is it a sparkling wine? A bold red? And how many letters do you need to make it fit?
“Italian wine” is a favorite among crossword creators because there’s no shortage of answers—and plenty of ways to stump you. The key is to match the clue with the number of letters the puzzle gives you. That narrows your choices fast, and from there, it’s just a matter of filling in the grid.
Let’s break down the most likely answers by letter count, so next time this clue shows up, you’ll know exactly what to pour into those blank squares.
Why “Italian Wine” Is a Common Crossword Clue Italy is one of the oldest and most prolific wine-producing countries in the world. From the hills of Tuscany to the slopes of Mount Etna, there are hundreds of wine styles—and many have short, distinct names that fit perfectly into crossword puzzles.
These clues don’t just test your wine knowledge—they test your ability to match word length, region hints, and spelling precision. Let’s simplify it.
Let’s Solve It by Letter Count
When a crossword clue gives you a letter count—like Italian wine (6)—you’re already ahead of the game. Here’s a breakdown of real Italian wine names that show up in puzzles, listed by how many letters they actually contain.
Italian Wine with 4 Letters
1. ASTI Asti is a sweet, sparkling white wine from Piedmont, made from Moscato grapes. If your puzzle hints at “Italian bubbly” or “sweet Italian wine,” this is a solid pick for four letters.
2. ETNA Etna wine comes from the volcanic slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily. If the clue leans geographic—like “Sicilian wine” or “volcanic region wine”—this could be your answer.
Italian Wine with 5 Letters
1. SOAVE Soave is a dry white wine from the Veneto region, known for being crisp, refreshing, and food-friendly. Clues like “Italian white wine” or “Veneto wine” point you in this direction.
Italian Wine with 6 Letters
1. BAROLO One of Italy’s most prestigious reds, Barolo hails from Piedmont and is made with Nebbiolo grapes. It’s full-bodied, tannic, and a top pick for clues like “Italian red wine” or “Wine from Piedmont.”
2. BRUNEL An uncommon crossword abbreviation of Brunello, which doesn’t technically stand alone, but may appear in some tight grids. Most puzzles prefer full names, so treat this one as rare.
Italian Wine with 7 Letters
1. CHIANTI This famous Tuscan red is made primarily from Sangiovese grapes. It shows up often in puzzles. Clues might include “Tuscany wine,” “Classic Italian red,” or just “Italian wine (7).”
2. MARSALA A fortified wine from Sicily, Marsala is known both as a sipping wine and a staple in Italian cooking. If your clue says “Sicilian wine” or “Wine used in chicken dishes,” this one fits.
3. AMARONE A dry red wine from Veneto, made from partially dried grapes. Amarone is known for its rich, bold style. Clues may say “Italian red wine” or “Wine from dried grapes.”
4. BRUNELLO Brunello di Montalcino is a top-tier Tuscan red wine. In puzzles, it’s typically shortened to just “Brunello.” If the clue suggests “Aged Tuscan wine” or “Sangiovese-based wine,” this is your match.
Italian Wine with 8 Letters
1. LAMBRUSCO Lambrusco is a slightly sparkling red wine from Emilia-Romagna. Fruity, fresh, and fun, it occasionally shows up in crossword grids. Clues might say “Sparkling red wine” or “Fizzy Italian wine.”
Quick Reference Table
Letters
Wine
Possible Clue or Hint
4
ASTI
“Italian sparkling wine”
4
ETNA
“Sicilian wine”
5
SOAVE
“Dry white wine from Veneto”
6
BAROLO
“Bold red wine from Piedmont”
7
CHIANTI
“Famous Tuscan wine”
7
MARSALA
“Fortified Sicilian wine”
7
AMARONE
“Red wine from dried grapes”
7
BRUNELLO
“Aged wine from Tuscany”
8
LAMBRUSCO
“Sparkling red from Emilia-Romagna”
Why the Exact Letter Count Matters
In crosswords, one letter makes or breaks your whole answer. Some puzzles play loose with abbreviations, but most require the full, correct spelling—especially for wine names. That’s why checking the letter count is your fastest way to eliminate wrong answers and focus on what fits.
Crossword-Solving Tips for Wine Clues
Use what you know. ASTI, CHIANTI, and BAROLO are the most common puzzle answers.
Start with geography. Piedmont = Barolo or Asti; Tuscany = Chianti or Brunello.
Check for food clues. “Cooking wine” means Marsala. “Dry white” might mean Soave.
Double-check spelling. No accents in most puzzles. Stick to basic Roman letters.
Think fizz. “Sparkling” usually means Asti or Lambrusco.
Bullet Recap
4 Letters: ASTI, ETNA
5 Letters: SOAVE
6 Letters: BAROLO
7 Letters: CHIANTI, MARSALA, AMARONE, BRUNELLO
8 Letters: LAMBRUSCO
Final Thoughts: Pour, Pencil, Solve Italian wine crossword clues may seem simple, but they’re a sommelier’s dream and a solver’s challenge. With this letter-count breakdown, you can go from stuck to solved in seconds. Whether it’s Chianti or Asti filling your grid (or your glass), the key is to think regional, count letters, and stay flexible.
📌 Where to Go Next
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Quartz wine refers to wines produced from vineyards with soils rich in quartz, a crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen (SiO₂). While not a formal wine classification, the term is commonly used in wine marketing and educational contexts to highlight the influence of quartz-heavy terroirs on wine character. Quartz-rich soils are prized in several viticultural regions for their contribution to wine texture, minerality, and precision.
Geological Background
Quartz is one of the most abundant and durable minerals in the Earth’s crust. It forms in a variety of rock types, including granite, schist, and quartzite. In viticulture, quartz often appears as loose crystals or embedded within parent rocks that weather into the vineyard soils over time. Its physical and chemical stability allows it to persist in soils for millennia.
Quartz-rich soils are typically well-drained and often coexist with sand, gravel, or decomposed granite. These soils promote deep root penetration and moderate vine vigor, which are desirable conditions for high-quality wine grape production.
Influence on Viticulture and Wine
The presence of quartz in vineyard soils affects viticulture and winemaking in several ways:
Heat reflection: Quartz reflects sunlight back onto the vines, contributing to more uniform grape ripening and extending the photosynthetic period.
Drainage: These soils provide excellent drainage, reducing water retention and minimizing the risk of vine diseases linked to excess moisture.
Mineral perception: Wines from quartz-rich soils are often described as having distinct mineral qualities, such as flint, wet stone, or saline notes.
Acidity and structure: Such wines frequently show higher acidity and a structured mouthfeel, which are especially valued in white wines like Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling.
Some biodynamic winemakers also attribute metaphysical properties to quartz, using it in vineyard preparations to enhance vine vitality and energetic balance, although such practices are not scientifically verified.
Notable Examples
Several wineries across different continents have produced wines marketed under the “Quartz” label or highlighting quartz-influenced terroirs:
Cantina Terlano Quarz Sauvignon Blanc (Alto Adige, Italy) – Produced from vineyards grown on quartz porphyry soils. Known for its bright acidity, herbal complexity, and longevity.
Quartz Acorn Vineyard Pinot Noir (Oregon, USA) – This wine showcases the intensity and structure attributed to the quartz-strewn terrain of the Yamhill-Carlton AVA.
Chénas ‘Quartz’ by Dominique Piron (Beaujolais, France) – Grown in the smallest Beaujolais cru, where quartz crystals dominate the topsoil, adding floral lift and mineral finesse to the Gamay grape.
Green Quartz Sauvignon Blanc (Casablanca Valley, Chile) – A vibrant expression of Chilean Sauvignon Blanc that emphasizes crisp citrus and herbal notes enhanced by the mineral-rich soils.
Regional Distribution
Quartz-influenced vineyards can be found in various wine regions, including:
Mosel and Nahe (Germany)
Alto Adige (Italy)
Yamhill-Carlton AVA (Oregon, USA)
Casablanca Valley (Chile)
Beaujolais (France)
These regions benefit from the geological presence of quartz due to volcanic, metamorphic, or sedimentary formations that contribute to diverse soil types.
Terminology: Quartz vs. Quarz
The word “quartz” is the standard English term, while “quarz” is the German spelling. Both refer to the same mineral. German-speaking wine regions such as Germany and Alto Adige in northern Italy commonly use the “Quarz” spelling on wine labels and promotional materials.
Wine lovers tend to go down rabbit holes. One minute you’re sipping a Sauvignon Blanc, and the next, you’re researching why certain vineyards talk so much about the rocks in their soil. If you’ve stumbled upon the term “Quartz Wine” and found yourself scratching your head, you’re not alone. It’s one of those phrases that pop up in wine circles, on Google Trends, or maybe even on a fancy label, and makes you wonder: is this a new grape variety? A trendy wine style? Some sort of crystal-infused concoction?
Let’s look into quartz wine—what it is, why it’s worth knowing about, and how this glittering mineral actually impacts the wine in your glass.
What Exactly Is Quartz Wine?
“Quartz Wine” isn’t a defined wine type like Merlot or Chardonnay. Instead, it’s a term that refers to wines grown in vineyards where the soil contains a high concentration of quartz.
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral made of silicon and oxygen. It’s one of the most abundant minerals on Earth and can be found in all sorts of rock formations. In viticulture, its presence in soil is more than just geological trivia—it shapes how vines grow, how grapes ripen, and ultimately, how a wine tastes.
So, when a wine is described as a “quartz wine,” it’s shorthand for saying, “This wine comes from a vineyard with quartz-rich soil, and that matters.”
Quartz vs. Quarz: Let’s Clear That Up
If you’ve seen both “Quartz” and “Quarz” floating around, here’s the deal:
Quartz (with a “t”) is the English spelling.
Quarz (with a “z”) is the German spelling.
You might spot “Quarz” on bottles from German-speaking regions like the Mosel or Alto Adige in northern Italy, where German is commonly used. It’s the same mineral—just a language thing.
Why Does Quartz Matter in Wine?
It all comes down to terroir, that magical French word that means “a sense of place.” (We’ve written more about that here.)
Quartz-rich soils have some unique properties:
Reflectivity: Quartz reflects sunlight back toward the vines, which can help grapes ripen more evenly.
Drainage: These soils are often well-draining, meaning roots don’t sit in water. That encourages deep root growth and limits excessive vigor.
Minerality: Wines from quartz-heavy soils often have a distinctive mineral character—think flint, wet stone, or even a salty tang.
Some winemakers believe quartz adds precision and purity to the wine. It’s a subtle influence, but for the trained palate, it’s there.
Quartz in Structure and Energy: A Curious Crossover?
Quartz is more than just a rock. It’s often used in construction to strengthen materials and in holistic practices to “amplify energy” or restore structure. While we’re not here to talk about crystal healing, it’s interesting to note that some biodynamic wine producers are intrigued by quartz’s energetic properties.
In biodynamic farming (which goes beyond organic methods), preparations involving ground quartz are sometimes used to “enhance light reception” in vines. Skeptical? Sure. But in the world of wine, passion and belief go a long way.
Whether or not there’s a measurable energetic impact, the physical structure of quartz in soil does help with light reflection, heat regulation, and vine balance.
Wines with Quartz Pedigree
Here are a few notable examples of wines that proudly wear their quartz heritage:
Wine
Region
Grape
Quartz Connection
Quarz Sauvignon Blanc
Alto Adige, Italy
Sauvignon Blanc
Grown in quartz porphyry soils. Known for minerality and herbal brightness.
Quartz Acorn Pinot Noir
Oregon, USA
Pinot Noir
From Quartz Acorn Vineyard, noted for its rocky soils and bold structure.
Chénas “Quartz”
Beaujolais, France
Gamay
Named after quartz crystals in the vineyard, adding finesse and floral notes.
Green Quartz Sauvignon Blanc
Casablanca Valley, Chile
Sauvignon Blanc
Vibrant and textured, grown in quartz-influenced soils.
These wines vary in grape and region, but they share a certain clarity and tension that fans often describe as “mineral energy.”
What Quartz Wines Taste Like
Quartz doesn’t add flavor like oak barrels do, but it contributes to a wine’s texture and structure. Here’s what you might notice in a quartz-grown wine:
Bright acidity
Crisp, clean finish
Mineral notes (flint, chalk, wet stone)
Precision and linearity on the palate
Slight saltiness or saline edge
Of course, these qualities also depend on grape variety, climate, and winemaking choices. But the quartz soil plays its subtle part.
Not Just White Wines
It’s easy to associate minerality with white wines, especially crisp Sauvignon Blancs or dry Rieslings. But don’t count out reds. Pinot Noir and Gamay can also reflect quartz-driven terroir, offering elegance, floral aromas, and delicate earthiness.
In fact, you can read about one legendary quartz-rich Riesling region in our post on Discovering the Loreley.
Quartz Wine: A Growing Trend?
Why is “Quartz Wine” trending? Likely because drinkers are getting more curious about where their wine comes from. As wine drinkers move beyond grape varieties and into deeper territory, soil types become fascinating. Add in a little sparkle and mystery (hello, quartz!), and you’ve got a conversation starter.
Wineries have picked up on this and are using quartz-rich terroir as a branding element. It’s not a gimmick—it’s a nod to a deeper connection with the land.
A Quick Recap (Because Lists Are Fun)
5 Reasons Quartz Soils Are Special in Winemaking:
Reflect sunlight to help grape ripening
Offer excellent drainage
Encourage deep root growth
Add minerality and structure to wine
Have symbolic and energetic appeal
Final Sip
“Quartz wine” isn’t about crystals floating in your glass (thank goodness). It’s about the quiet influence of geology on flavor. The mineral under your feet can shape the wine in your glass, sometimes in subtle, sometimes in stunning ways.
So the next time you see a wine labeled “Quartz” or “Quarz,” you’ll know it’s more than a pretty word. It’s a peek into the soil, the sunlight, and the soul of the vineyard.
If you’ve ever found yourself at a dinner party or browsing the wine aisle and wondering, “What exactly is the difference between Madeira and Port?”—you’re not alone. These two rich, flavorful fortified wines are often lumped together, and while they share a Portuguese heritage and a high alcohol content, they’re surprisingly different.
Today, we’re looking into the Madeira vs Port debate—exploring their histories, production methods, flavor profiles, best food pairings, and even which one might suit your taste buds better. Whether you’re a wine newbie or a seasoned sipper, you’ll walk away knowing exactly what sets these two apart.
So pour yourself a little something (Madeira or Port—your choice!) and let’s explore.
Quick Overview: What’s a Fortified Wine Again?
Before we get into the nitty-gritty, let’s clear one thing up: what exactly is fortified wine?
In simple terms, a fortified wine is a wine that’s had a distilled spirit added to it. This boosts the alcohol content and also impacts the sweetness and stability of the wine. The result? A longer shelf life and a unique flavor punch that regular table wines just don’t have.
Both Madeira and Port fall into this category, but they’re made in very different ways. And that’s where the magic—and the differences—really start.
Two Different Birthplaces, Two Distinct Vibes
Let’s start with geography.
Port hails from the Douro Valley in northern Portugal. If you’ve ever taken a wine tour in Porto (the city that gives Port its name), you know how lush and dramatic those vineyard-laced hills are.
Madeira is from, well, Madeira—a volcanic island floating out in the Atlantic Ocean, over 500 miles southwest of mainland Portugal. It’s got a totally different climate, culture, and winemaking approach.
While both are proudly Portuguese, their origins influence everything from grape choices to how the wine is aged and tasted.
A Peek Into Their Backstories
Every wine has a story, and these two are no exception.
The Story of Port
Port wine’s origins trace back to the 17th century, when English merchants added brandy to Portuguese wine to help it survive the long sea voyage back home. Turns out, people loved the result. What started as a preservation hack turned into a signature style. Today, Port is synonymous with rich, sweet, luxurious sips—perfect for cold nights, cheese boards, or a decadent dessert.
Madeira’s Unexpected Evolution
Madeira’s story is even more unusual. Ships would stop at the island of Madeira to stock up on provisions (including wine), and it was discovered—by accident—that the wine actually tasted better after being heated and rocked around at sea. Winemakers began mimicking this by intentionally heating the wine, giving Madeira its signature nutty, caramelized flavor.
Grapes Galore: Different Varieties, Different Styles
Let’s talk grapes. Both Madeira and Port use specific grape varieties, and these affect the final wine in big ways.
Grapes Used in Port:
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (aka Tempranillo)
Tinta Barroca
Tinto Cão
These grapes are blended to create a rich, robust wine, usually red (though there are some white Ports too).
Grapes Used in Madeira:
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal (or Bual)
Malvasia (or Malmsey)
These are white grapes, and each brings a different level of sweetness. Sercial is the driest; Malvasia is the sweetest.
So already, we can see a big difference. Port is usually red and grapey-sweet. Madeira, even when sweet, leans more nutty, tangy, and savory.
How They’re Made: Production Processes Compared
Port:
Fermentation is stopped early by adding grape spirit (aguardente), preserving the wine’s natural sugars.
It’s aged in large barrels or tanks, and then bottled. Styles range from fresh and fruity Ruby Ports to complex, nutty Tawny Ports that have been aged for decades.
Madeira:
Fermentation may be stopped early (for sweeter styles) or allowed to finish (for dry ones).
Then comes the twist: Madeira is heated using a process called estufagem (or aged slowly in warm attics—canteiro method).
This heat + oxidation makes Madeira virtually indestructible. Seriously—you can open a bottle and sip it months later with no problem.
Let’s be real. All the production talk is fun, but what does this mean when it hits your glass?
Port Tasting Notes:
Sweet and juicy
Bold red and black fruits—think cherry, plum, blackberry
Often chocolatey, spicy, or nutty with age
Rich and velvety on the palate
Madeira Tasting Notes:
Bright acidity, even when sweet
Nutty, toffee-like, and caramel flavors
Notes of orange peel, almond, burnt sugar
Saline and savory undertones—very unique
When to Drink What: Ideal Pairings and Occasions
Both wines can be stars of the table—but in different ways.
Port is great with:
Blue cheese (hello, Stilton)
Rich chocolate desserts
Nuts and dried fruit
After-dinner sipping on a cold night
Madeira works beautifully with:
Roasted nuts
Hard cheeses like aged cheddar or Manchego
Mushroom dishes
Classic British desserts (yes, really—try it with sticky toffee pudding!)
Storage and Longevity: Madeira Wins Here
This one’s not even close.
Feature
Port
Madeira
Shelf life (opened)
A few weeks (maybe a month)
Months (or even years!)
Needs refrigeration
Yes
Optional
Age-worthy?
Definitely (especially vintage styles)
Yes—some age centuries
If you’re the kind of person who forgets an open bottle in the back of a cupboard, Madeira is your new best friend.
Which One Should You Choose?
Honestly, there’s no wrong answer here. It depends on your taste and mood. But here’s a quick cheat sheet:
Choose Port if:
You love rich, fruity, bold wines
You want something sweet to pair with dessert
You’re into classic pairings like Port & Stilton
Choose Madeira if:
You’re into complex, savory-sweet wines
You want something that can last forever, even after opening
You love nutty, oxidized flavors
Fun Facts to Impress Your Friends
Port can only be called “Port” if it comes from the Douro Valley.
Madeira wine once helped toast the U.S. Declaration of Independence—it was George Washington’s favorite.
Unlike almost any other wine, Madeira improves even after it’s opened.
Final Thoughts: Not All Fortified Wines Are Created Equal
Madeira and Port might share some family traits—they’re both fortified, Portuguese, and rich in history—but they couldn’t be more different in taste and character.
Madeira is the survivor: tangy, nutty, and complex, with an almost indestructible shelf life. Port is the comforter: velvety, sweet, and warming, perfect for cozy evenings.
If you haven’t tried both, you’re missing out on a huge slice of Portuguese wine culture. Better yet—taste them side by side and see which one wins your heart.
Which do you prefer—Madeira or Port? Let me know in the comments or tag me on social with your tasting notes!
